The outer ring spalling failure angle position of the rolling bearing has an important influence on the vibration size and service life of the rotating machine. It is necessary to judge the outer ring spalling failure angle within the load-bearing interval. Based on the peak change law of the acceleration vibration signal, a fault location method was proposed for ball bearing outer ring spalling. This method established the Lagrangian dynamic equation with time-varying impact force. By analyzing the change trend of the contact force in the bearing area of the ball bearing, the law of the peak ratio of the absolute value of the vibration acceleration signal was obtained by analogy, and the impact point of the acceleration vibration signal was analyzed. For nearby locations, a new judgment index was proposed, and the specific location of the fault was obtained. Simulation and experiment results show that there is a corresponding functional relationship between the horizontal vertical synchronization peak ratio of the vibration signals at different positions of the ball bearing outer ring spalling fault. Simulation and experiment verify the accuracy of the positioning law. It provides a theoretical basis for the diagnosis method to determine the location of the ball bearing outer ring spalling fault location.